Figure 2: The composite criterion by Ilyas (1984 & 1988)
On the physical approach done by Danjon (1932), he measured the correlation between the sun and the moon elongation with the illimunation of the lunar crescent. Using 75 sets of the observational young moon formation, Danjon found out that the length of the lunar crescent became shortened as the moon closer to the sun. Danjon deduced the magnitude of the lunar crescent shortening in form of the deficiency arc as a function of elongation (Ilyas, 1983).
Danjon found that the light from young moon cannot directly reflect if the angle of the elongation is smaller than 7°, or in other word the young moon crescent have no capability to reflect the light. If less than the lowest limit, the moon illimunation will dissappear and the crescent cannot be sighted. This value was later on called the 'Danjon limit'. Danjon proposed the modelling of the lunar crescent length as a function of the sun-moon angle. He deduced that when the moon was less than 7° from the sun, the arc length of the crescent would be 0°.
The validity of the Danjon model of the length of lunar crescent has been recognized by Schaefer (1991), by his moonwatch campaign, but not matching from Ilyas (1983) results on re-examination of the Danjon limit. On Ilyas studies
to re-examine the Danjon limit, he found out that the limit value is simply an extrapolation by Danjon, and the limit must be upward to 10.5°. On his detailed explaination, Ilyas added that the Danjon limit is only a general guide for the
young moon's earliest visibility, and cannot be used as a criterion for the calendrical visibility prediction. This comment refers to the resolution on Islamic Countries Calendrical Conference, Istanbul (1978), which adopted a simple criterion for elongation and sun - moon separation. Ilyas (1984) justified this as 'underestimate value' especially on predicted data in the tropical region. On the other hand, Mc Nally (1983), proposed the hypothesis of the effect of atmospheric turbulance (seeing) on the young moon crescent. According to the hypothesis, seeing causes the crescent to be invisible where the cusp is narrower than the size of the seeing disk (Schaefer,1991). Using some experiments tested by himself and
by Blackwell (1946), Schaefer (1991) finally concluded that the effects of the seeing on the width of the cusp are irrelavant to the length of the lunar crescent. Other quantities which are still considered to justify the young moon crescent visibility consist the moon age and the lag time between sunset and moonset.
Eventhough, these two quantities have been used since ancient times, there are a few interesting facts which have been discovered by recent reseachers. Ilyas (1984) found that the age of the moon varies according to latitude and this phenomenom be used to determine the 'point' at which the moon will achieve the same age at local sunset which was useful in developing the concept of the Lunar Date Line. Moon age always refers to the time of conjunction between sun and moon to the local sunset. But on Malaysia visibility parameters, the age of the moon are referred to the time from conjunction to moonset, for the reason that the moon still has the possibility to be visible long before she set. Even if the
moon age can show us the possibility of the young moon crescent visibility, there is some confusion over when the average of the moon age has been taken as a fix and single parameter for calendrical purposes.
Hence, the other parameter widely used to justify the possibility of the young moon crescent visibilty is the time lag between sunset and moonset. As mentioned, this rule has been used by Babylonians, Hindus and Muslims when the time lag was more than 48 minutes (a s ³ 12°), Ilyas (1984) recoqnized that the criterion are meaningfull and usefull at the lower latitudes. For general use, Ilyas studied the seasonal variability of the time lag and summarized it for
certain latitudes. It is generally known that both moon age and the time lag cannot be used as a main quantity to predict the visibility of the young moon crescent since there are seasonal and latitude changes. Furthermore, these quantities can be closely related to arc of light and sun-moon separations.
As in many scientific studies, there is usually a conflict between the
theoretical and observational. Although Bruin proposed a useful theoretical work, Schaefer (1987), claimed that many of Bruin's assumptions were incorrect, especially regarding the twillight sky brightness, lunar surface brightness and physiological data for lunar vision. Meanwhile, Schaefer adopted Bruin's and Ilyas's criterion of visibility, he added some new parameters such as visual extinction coefficient and atmospheric clarity.
In recent development of young moon crescent visibility studies, some attempt has been made to improve the prediction models. These can be summarised as follows:
♦ B.D Yallop who proposed the 'best time' for the first visibility
♦ Khalid Shaukat who proposed the 'topocentric altitude' and 'width of crescent' criterion.
♦ Ahmad Monzur using his MoonCalc, predicted world-wide sighting results.
These results can be verified against actual sighting.
4. The Present Challenges
Using the observational approach, the present challenges in studies of the young moon crescent visibility are:
(i) To establish the minimum guide of the visibility according to the local circumstances an experience. This will contribute to improve the width of the uncertainty zone of the Lunar Date Line.
(ii)To re-examine the length of the lunar crescent, from Danjon's model (1932) with more data collections and confirm the effects of the atmospheric turbulance to the young moon crescent width from the McNally (1983) hypothesis.
(iii) To scrutinize the effect of the local atmospheric conditions for the visibility characteristic.
(iv) To identified the suitable visibility parameter which can be applied to the local calendrical purposes.
REFERENCES
Bruin, F. (1977). The First Visibility of the Lunar Crescent. Vistas in Astronomy, Vol. 21, ms. 331 - 351.
Ilyas, M. (1981). Lowest Limit Of The w In The New Moon's First Visibility Criterion Of Bruin And It's Comparison With The Maunder Criterion. Q. Jl. R. Ast. Soc. 1981 Vol. 22 ms 154 -159.
Ilyas, M. (1983). The Danjon Limit Of Lunar Visibility: A Re- examination. Jl. R Ast. Soc. Can . 1983. Vol 77, no. 4. ms. 214 - 219.
Ilyas, M. (1984). A Modern Guide To Astronomical Calculations of Islamic Calendar, Times & Qibla. Kuala Lumpur: Berita Publishing.
Ilyas, M. (1988). Limiting Altitude Separation In The New Moon's First Visibility Criterion. Astron. Astrophys. 1988 Vol. 206, ms 133 - 135.
King, David.A. (1993). Ibn Yunus On Lunar Crescent Visibility. In David A.King Astronomy In The Service Of Islam. Journal For The History Of Astronomy. Science History Pub. Ltd. 1988. Vermont: Variorum Reprints .
McNally, D. (1983). The Length of The Lunar Crescent. Q. Jl. R. Ast. Soc. 1983, Vol 24, ms 417 - 429.
Schaefer, B.E. (1987). An Algorithm For Predicting The Visibility Of the Lunar Crescent. Proceedings Of The Lunar Conference, International Of The Institute Of Islamic Thought, Herndon, Virginia, 5 - 6 June 1987. ms 11:1-12.
Schaefer, B.E. (1988). Visibility of the Lunar Crescent. Q. Jl. R Ast. Soc. 1988 Vol 29, ms 511-523.
Schaefer, B.E. (1991). Length of the Lunar Crescent. Q. Jl. R Ast. Soc. 1991 Vol 32 ms 265-277.
Schaefer, B.E, Ahmad, I.A, Dogget, L. (1993). Records For Young Moon Sightings. Q. Jl. R Ast. Soc. 1993 Vol 34, ms 53 - 56.